Cubism period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cubism period - Essay Example The ‘three musicians’ by Picasso was made of intensely colored, flat and abstract geometry in a superficial boxlike enclosure. A clarinet player can be seen on the left, a guitar player in the middle and on the right hand side there is a singer with sheets of music in his hands. They are all dressed similarly. Pierrot with a white suit and blue suit, Harlequin in a costume that has diamond patterns, and on the right there is a friar wearing a black robe. At the faà §ade of the Pierrot, there is a table on it a pipe and a number of things too, while under him is a dog whose tail is peeping out at the back of the musician’s legs. All aspects of this painting comprise of flat shapes and geometry. The painting is characterized by the use diverse textures, planes, collage rudiments, papier Mache. It was a pioneer of collage elements to be implemented as key components of a work of art. After World War I, Pablo Picasso painted one of his renowned and popular paintings of all time called â€Å"Bombing of Guernica†. This was a painting to interpret what the war was really like, because it was about how an innocent family was brutally caught in the heart of the war. One could look at this painting and perceive different meanings each time. It was a painting of accepted size on canvas of about eleven feet. This movement appeals because it was a rebellion of the contemporary artistic methods of painting. These contemporary methods followed stiff rules and regulations tying the imaginative nature of an artist.

Reaction paper on article that I have which related to gun issue

Reaction paper on that I have which related to gun issue - Article Example ublished on April 23, 2012, says that America has now become a battleground in the literal sense where one could see many deaths and violent attacks off and on. The report throws light to the fact that majority of the American possess guns as there is provision in the American law that allows people to have guns for their self protection. The history of the past few years show that majority of these attacks were not for self protection, but an act of violence due to some psychological disorders, or a student taking revenge upon his classmates on trifles. The report opens with the stories of some recent attacks and the prevention methods adopted by some of the schools preparing for gunmen. However, the threat of the gun still continues and majority of the Americans fear that they may encounter with a violent gunman during their journeys. It said that there is about one gun for every American. The report adopts the data of the General Social Survey, conducted by the National Policy Opinion Center at the University of Chicago, when they identified that there is gradual decline in the gun ownership in the past few years. However, it is a contradiction to note that the number of the people having guns, and the power of the gun lobby are increased. There are many reasons identified for the increase of guns. It includes activities of The American Firearms, the innumerable firing ranges, private clubs, and so on. The American Firearms School is open to all and the authorized persons give training to the public. One of the main reasons of the increase of the guns can be attributed to the private sellers or classified ads that possess the lion share of the gun market. This fact clearly exposes the reason why or how an average a hundred thousand Americans are killed or wounded with guns a year. The National Rifle Association, founded in 1871 also promotes the growth of this field through training and publication of the magazines like The Armed Citizen. Another reason for

Concepts of Database Systems

Concepts of Database Systems Database system Concepts of database management-3rd edition Philip j.pratt .2000 A database is a structure that contains information about many different categories of information and about the relationships between the categories. Premiere products are a distributer of appliances, housewares. The company has used spread sheet software to maintain customer, order, inventory and sales. The premiere products database, for example, will contain information about sales, reps, customers, orders and parts. It will also provide facts that relate sales reps to the customers they represent and customers to the orders they currently have placed. With the use of database, employees can enter the number of a particular order and find out which customer placed the orders, as well as which parts were ordered. An entity is a person place object event of idea for which you want to store and process data. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. For the entity for example the list of attributes might include such things as car colour and size. Rep. Rep. no. Last name First name Street City State Zip Commission Rate model Attributes An attribute is also called a field or column in many database systems. A relationship is an association between entities. There is an association between reps and customers, for example at premiere products. A rep is associated with all of his or her customers and a customer is associated with its rep. One-to-many relationship Each rep is associated with many customers, but each customer is associated with only one rep.ÂÂ   in this type of relationship, the word many is used differently than in everyday English; it might not always indicate a large a large number. In this context, for example, the many means that a rep can be associated with any number of customers. This is, a given rep can be associated with zero, one, Or more customers. A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities, and the relationship among the entities. A database, however, is much more than a file. Unlike a typical data file, a database can store information about multiple entities. There is also another difference. A database holds information about the relationship among the various entities. Not only will premiere products database have information about reps and customers, it also will hold information relating reps to the customers they service, customers to orders, parts to orders and so on. REDUNDANCY It is the duplication of data or the storing of the same data in more than one place. In the orders spreadsheet, redundancy occurs in the customer name column because the name of a customer is stored in more than one place. What problems does redundancy cause? It wastes space because you are storing the same data in multiple places. The extra space results in larger spreadsheet that require more space in memory and on disk and that take longer to save and open. When you need to change data, redundancy also makes your changes more difficult and time consuming. Finally redundancy can lead to conflicts. For eg. If you enter someones name and address in different columns than it will take time to enter and there is chance of making mistakes.

Childhood Obesity Essay -- Health Care, Diseases

"Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese; nearly triple the rate from 1983. With good reason, childhood obesity is now the Number 1 health concern among parents in the United States, topping drug abuse and smoking. If current trends continue, today’s kids could be the first generation to live shorter lives than their parents" (Clinton, para. 3 2011). Children may not understand the complexities of food intake or obesity but they continue to be affected by the issue. The reality is that if a parent enables their kids to make poor eating choices as children; they will struggle as adults to make the right eating choices. Many factors contribute to childhood obesity but the major factors are living sedentary lifestyles along with poor nutrition and over consumption of fatty foods. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language defines obese as excessively fat; corpulent (bulkiness or largeness of body); overweight. According Charles Stuart Platkin, PhD, (2009) the child's Body Mass Index (BMI)-the number calculated from a person's weight and height- provides a reliable indicator of body fatness. A person's body fat percentage is the total weight of the person's fat divided by the person's weight and consists of essential body fat and storage body fat. A child’s BMI is calculated to asses there weight to make sure children are healthy at there current status. Based on research from the American Heart Association (2011) 23.4 million children ages two to nineteen are overweight and obese. 12.3 million of those children are males and 11.1 million are females. There is no debate about whether childhood obesity is a problem in the United States. The debate should begin with ackno... ...mputer or playing video games" (Childhood Obesity, 2011, p. 1) Considering a child is in school for approximately six to seven hours a day and is playing video games or watching TV four to five hours a day there is very little time left for physical activity that often gets neglected. Obesity often appears with children who consume far more calories than they can burn off. . It would take an averaged sized person, running at a pace of 10 minutes per mile, one hour to burn off all 620 calories consumed in the mighty mcnugget meal at McDonald’s. (Natural bodybuilding, 2011) Kids nowadays prefer watching SpongeBob Square Pants or nickelodeons cartoon network verse taking part in outdoor activities. An easy resolution in avoiding obesity issues among young children is to make time everyday for active activities and limit the amount of time the child sit stationery.

Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay

The writer argue that, in the context of urging societal alterations, message framing can be used as one of communicating schemes in societal selling context. By utilizing message bordering attack, public communicating can be presented in footings of the benefits ( additions ) or costs ( losingss ) framed associated with a peculiar behaviour. Research shows that bordering of such persuasive messages influences many societal determinations. Peoples tend to avoid hazards when sing additions or benefits, and tend to prefer hazards when sing losingss or costs. This paper investigates the nature of message framing, the taxonomy of message framing effects and alternate signifiers of message bordering presentation. The writer explored the differential effects between negative and positive framed message, the context in which message bordering surveies much more have been conducted and the account by which message framing could act upon people ‘s attitude, purpose and behaviour. It is concluded that the message bordering surveies had been conducted in a broad assortment of wellness communicating context and can be expanded to many other societal alterations contexts. The differential effects between negative and positive framed messages were exist because of: 1. The different penchants about hazard, 2. The asymetry between negative and positive information and the presence of moderator variables. The persuasion which happened in message bordering presentation will act upon people ‘s information processing in three stairss: 1. The sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue, 2. Peoples differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs, and 3. The influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour. Aditional researches may be neede d to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and situational and dispositional moderator variables that proper for the specific context of societal job.Cardinal words: societal selling, message framing, attitude and persuasion.1IntroductionAbout every state faces societal jobs in their day-to-day life. Health issues such as advancing people to avoid familial diseases, carrying people to halt unhealthy life manner ( e.g. smoke, drug and intoxicant dependence ) , advancing people to forestall deathly diseases ( e.g. malignant neoplastic disease ) and doing household program, are parts of these jobs. Decreasing energy supply is besides one of the jobs that require people to execute energy preservation behaviour. Significant attempts are needed to carry people to halt blowing their energy ingestion. The increasing traffic denseness besides require people to alter their drive and siting behaviour to be more carefully and safely in order to take down the traffic accident rate. In s hort, there are many public attitudes and behaviours needed to be changed to work out the societal jobs. Solving societal jobs affecting societal alterations. It means altering single and group life wont by transforming their harmful behaviours toward more productive one, altering attitudes and values of the community and the whole society and making new societal tehcnolgy in order to increase quality of life [ 1 ] . However, altering human behaviour is non an easy thing and it possibly the most debatable issue in human relation.The Role of Social Marketing in Solving Social ProblemsIn order to accomplish the expected status in a society that full of societal jobs, it is expected that marketing subject non merely focuses on profit-oriented companies but besides accommodates the societal dimensions of the society. The jobs such as pollution control, public transit, instruction, drug maltreatment, safe drive, household planning and public wellness, need advanced solutions and attacks to derive populace ‘s attending and support. The troubles found by societal sellers to pass on their thoughts and societal ends have been the concern of the selling experts for a long clip. To reply these phenomena, Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] argue that marketing attacks can be used to work out specific societal jobs by implementing the selling rules such as analysing, planning and commanding the jobs of societal alterations. The selling constructs and techniques can be used efficaciously to advance single and group to execute recomended behaviour. Social selling is a promising model to program and implement the societal alterations. Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] define societal selling as a design, execution and control of plans carried out to act upon the acceptableness of societal thoughts that involved merchandise design, pricing, communicating, distribution and selling research. However, using the societal selling program attack does non intend that the societal ends will be automatically achieved because it merely develops a mec hanism which relates the experts ‘ cognition on human behaviour and the execution of the recommended cognition which brings good cause to the society. Different from Kotler and Zaltman, Andreasen [ 2 ] positions societal selling as the attempts to act upon the mark audience ‘s behaviour. Harmonizing to Andreasen, societal selling is the version of commercial selling engineering onto the analysis, planning, executing and rating plans which designates to act upon the behaviour of the mark audience to better their ain mental and physical life and/or the society in which they live. Harmonizing to Andreasen, the footing of societal selling is to alter one ‘s behaviour. Social selling is related to behavioural mentality. It stressed on instruction and propaganda plan that merely will be usefull if brings behavioural alterations. It is interesting to societal alterations practicioners as could partly explicate why people do certain behaviour. The consumer ‘s behavior attack, harmonizing to Andreasen [ 2 ] , can be applied in societal selling issues. The outgrowth of exchange theory is the chief stimulation to marketing faculty members to spread out the constructs of consumer ‘s behaviour and selling such as the usage of seat belt, blood giver, etc. Promoting the consumers to donate their blood, for case, does non affect offering merchandises or services, nor does it affect payment to be done by the consumers. However, it will convey many benefits for the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed. Theories and theoretical accounts for societal selling abound, with small formal consensus on which types of theoretical accounts for what types of societal selling jobs in what sorts of state of affairss are most appropriate [ 3 ] . The basic constructs of societal selling involve alterations. Social sellers try to act upon other ‘s behaviour which consists of [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. The get downing point of behavior class opens a figure of research chances in the field of societal selling such as disease bar, early sensing of diseases, birth control ( to get down a certain behaviour ) , the danger of smoke ( to halt a certain behaviour ) , and organic nutrient ingestion and environmentally friendly merchandise use ( to alter a certain behaviour ) . In the visible radiation of act uponing other ‘s behaviour, societal selling urges the execution of proper communicating scheme to carry people. In this paper, the writer argue that one of the effectual communicating methods which may be considered to carry people to execute recomended behaviour is the message bordering attack. Message framing can be the promising communicating scheme to heighten people conformity in order to do societal alterations. It could be implemented in wide country of societal issues such as wellness, safe drive, proenvironmental behaviour and so on.Framing Theory and Message FramingFraming theory starts from Prospect Theory introduced by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] . Framing posit of prospect theory provinces that the manner an information presented, in footings of benefits and losingss, may act upon the behaviour based of two grounds. First, people tend to avoid hazards when sing additions, that is, when having messages in the signifier of positive fra ming. On the contrary, they are likely to take hazards when sing losingss or costs, that is, when having messages in the signifier of negative framing. Consequently, the penchants towards risk-taking to a great extent depend on whether the thought is presented in the frame of addition or loss contexts. Therefore, persuasive information may be presented by demoing the possible benefits earned if the information presented is purely followed or the possible losingss earned if the information is non taken. Second, this theory argues that people will probably to avoid hazards which make the losingss look much bigger than the benefits earned. In line with the chance theory, two logical statements of an issue, if presented in two different ways, may ensue in different determinations. The most popular illustration of this issue is the Asiatic Disease Problem experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] : to 152 topics who were presented to the hypothesis inquiries which required them to conceive of that the US authorities had been fixing an action to forestall diseases in Asia. It was predicted that the disease might kill 600 people. There were two plans proposed to forestall the disease ; Program A and B. It was assumed that the estimated effects of the plan were as follows ( presented in positive framing ) : If plan A was chosen, they would salvage 200 people If plan B was chosen, 1/3 of 600 would likely be saved and 2/3 people would likely non survive. The consequences of the experiment showed that 72 % of the respondents preferred Program A instead than Program B. The same inquiries were besides proposed to the other 152 topics. This clip, the plans were Program C and D which were presented in negative framing with the undermentioned effects: – If plan C was taken, 400 would decease – If plan D was chosen, none of 1/3 of 600 would decease and 2/3 of them would likely decease. In this 2nd group of topics, 78 % preferable plan D. From the illustration given, it is evidently seen that A and C are similar to plan B and D. The response was rather predictable based on the rules of diminishing sensitiveness attached to prospect theory. The presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of people to be saved has clearly shown the benefits of avoiding the hazards. It is much better to salvage 200 people, definite in figure instead than to salvage about 200 people, indefinite in figure. Meanwhile, the presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of victims shows the topics preferred to take hazards when faced with the possible losingss. It is rather interesting to analyse the chance appeared in this instance. The survey of Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] shows that single determination is consistently influenced by how an issue is presented. Specifically, person will be given to avoid hazards when confronting messages presented in a positive framing ( emphasizing on benefits gained ) and s/he will prefer to take hazards when confronting a job presented in negative framing ( emphasizing the losingss gained ) . They argue that each individual relies on a figure of limited heuristics and prejudices in doing complex determinations. Each prejudice and heuristics depends on the preparation of the thought at the beginning of the procedure. Prospect Theory give us a canche to utilize its rule in showing a persuasive message in order to heighten message receiver ‘ conformity, called message framing. Message framing is the presentation of persuasive messages which stresses on the benefits to be gained if the messages are followed ( positive framed/gain framed ) , or on the hazard facets if the messages are non followed[ 2 ]( negative framed/loss framed ) . It is one of persuasive tactics which is strategically used in pass oning persuasive messages to other people. It is used as a paradigm to understand and look into communicating scheme and behaviour in a broad scope of subjects. The related subjects include psychological science, communicating, organisational determination devising, economic sciences, wellness communicating, media surveies and political communicating [ 6 ] . Pprevious researches on persuasive power of message bordering show that the presentation of different types of message framing will ensue in different persuasive effects.Taxonomy of Framing EffectssLevin et Al. [ 7 ] designs a taxonomy which differentiate the framing effects into three classs: hazardous framing, property framing and end framing. The effects of the first framing are those that can be explained as follows: for illustration, in a certain state of affairs, S+ describes a positive status ( such as being alive, winning and being healthy ) , with a figure of n response options which implies different terminal consequences with different degree of uncertainness ( r1, r2, aˆÂ ¦rn ) . On the other side, S- means a negative status ( being dead, being lost, being ill ) with the same figure of n response picks and terminal consequences. The consequence of hazardous framing is that one tends to take options with low uncertainness in S+ , and to take options with high uncertainness in S- . In other words, this status refers to the inclination to prefer definite options in positive frame and hazardous options in ne gative frame. The experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] can be used to explicate this job. The effects of 2nd framing or attributee bordering consequence can be elaborated as follows: for illustration, a certain property ( object or incident ) A+ indicates positive status ( success, nonfat, etc ) with a figure of n response picks which implies different degree of attractive force ( d1, d2, aˆÂ ¦dn ) . Meanwhile, the same property shows negative conditions ( failed, fatty etc ) indicated as A- with the same figure of response picks and the same degree of attractive force d1, d2, ..dn. The attribute framing effects are defined as the inclination of a topic to measure A+ with higher degree of attractive force and A- with lower degree of attractive force. It refers to the inclination of the topic to do a more positive rating on the presented stuffs in positive frame. The experiment carried out by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] revealed that beef was considered to be more delightful when positively labeled ( 75 % fat free ) compared to negatively labeled such as ‘contain 25 % fat ‘ . There are at least two different rules between hazardous framing and property framing. The first difference is that attribute framing does non affect hazard use. The 2nd 1 is that the mark is non in the signifier of taking the independent response picks, but in measuring the credence to certain points. The 3rd consequence is the effects of end bordering. They can be explained as follows: for illustration, a certain message M+ contains a positive frame ( chance to derive benefits or avoid losingss ) and the other message contains negative frame ( chance non to derive benefits or suffer losingss ) indicated by M- . The effects of end framing are the differences in the persuasive consequences between M+ and M- to accomplish a certain behaviour. Based on above taxonomy, the presentation of message framing in wide societal alterations context ( such as advancing disease sensing behaviour, disease bar behaviour, energy salvaging behaviour, birth control behaviour, pro-environmental behaviour, save driving behaviour, healthy diet and exercising behaviour and so on ) could be categorized into end framing as the presentation of negative framing or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver.Forms of Message Framing PresentationLevin and Gaeth [ 8 ] argue that there are two types of message framings ( See Table 1 ) . The first type is how the negative or positive message is communicated across. The positive message emphasizes on the benefits received by the consumers for utilizing the merchandises or making the expected behaviour. The negative message emphasiss on the consumer ‘s losingss for non utilizing the merchandises or making the recommended behaviour. The 2nd type discusses the nega tive and positive facets of the message itself. Levin and Gaeth reference that the fat contained in the beef is 25 % fat or 75 % thin. As a affair of fact, there are really few merchandises which inform their negative effects to the consumers. In line with Levin and Gaeth, O'Keefe [ 9 ] maintains that the attractive force of positive and negative framing phrases can be presented in two different ways. First, whether the result described is the coveted result. Second, whether the result described is an achieved result ( gained, proposed, accomplishable ) or something to avoid ( gotten rid of, unexpected, unattainable ) . As displayed in Table 1, addition framed messages, for illustration, can be presented in: â€Å" if you comply the promoted action, you will derive the expected result X † or â€Å" if you do the recommended action, the unexpected result Y can be avoided † . Meanwhile the loss framed messages can be presented: â€Å" if you do non make the recommended behaviour, the expected result X will non be achieved † or â€Å" if you do non make the recommended action, the unexpected result Y will happen † . Nevertheless, it has non been really clear whether the assorted types of message pr esentation will impact the comparative effectivity of addition framed and loss framed messages. Table 1. Techniques of Message Framing PresentationPresentation techniquesTypes of FramingStatementOutcome is described in the expected or unexpected results. Positive frame â€Å" if you do the recommended actions, the expected result X will be gained † Negative frame â€Å" if you do non make the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y will happen. Results are presented as something achieved or avoided. Positive frame â€Å" If you do the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y may be avoided † . Negative frame â€Å" If you do non make the recommended action, the expected result X will non be gained. † Beginning: extracted by the writer.Differential Effectss of Positive and Negative Framing on PersuasionIn the last 30 old ages, 100s of empirical surveies have been conducted to demo and look into the framing effects in several different contexts. Around 15 surveies had been conducted on the effects of bordering each twelvemonth [ 10 ] . There are besides legion theories developed to explicate human behaviour based on the appraisal of benefits and losingss. However, findings on the effects of bordering have non shown any conclusive consequences [ 9 ] . Probe on about 70 old surveies showed [ 11 ] , so far, bordering researches are much more conducted in wellness and consumer behaviour contexts. In wellness behaviour context ( see Appendix 1 ) , many researches on message framing are conducted to promote the behaviour to make early sensing and bar to diseases [ 42 ] . Some of those researches were carried out in the context of chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing through chest ego scrutiny or mammography trial [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] , bad effects of smoking [ 16 ] , sexually-transmitted diseases [ 17 ] , the effects of cholesterin on bosom disease [ 18 ] , cholesterin testing [ 19 ] , the usage of dental floss [ 20 ] , fatty content on nutrient [ 21 ] and the usage of gargle [ 22 ] . In the field of wellness, persuasive power of loss framed tends to surpass that of addition framed. However, the consequences of the research in general are still inconclusive [ 21 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 23 ] . Some surveies found the effectivity of negative framed message [ 12 ] , [ 30 ] and the others found the opposite one [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] . Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that loss framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease sensing and other hazardous behaviour while addition framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease bar and other low hazard behaviour. The advantages of the persuasive power of loss framed over that of addition framed in the old surveies is closely related to bordering determination. The surveies show different penchants between the two determination options ( which are fundamentally tantamount to one another ) when they are presented in different frames ( loss and addition framed ) . It is supported by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] who maintain that, fundamentally, an person does non fond of losingss ( remaining off from hazards ) when sing the benefits or consequences, but takes hazards when confronting possible losingss or costs. Therefore, when results are presented in loss framing ( emphasizing on the facets of possible loss ) , a individual prefers to take hazards. This is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s classical experimental findings [ 5 ] on deathly diseases that have often been replicated to different topics[ 3 ]. There are at least three grounds that could be used to explicate the differential effects of framed messages [ 9 ] . First, the ground is related with the determination framing. Previous surveies showed that there are different penchants between two determinations ( that must be tantamount ) when the two determinations presented in different frames. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] explain that people fundamentally do non like loss ( avoid hazard ) when they were sing hazards. So, when the result is presented in negative framed ( stressed the loss or hazard facets ) , people will prefer hazardous pick. This statement is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s experiment called fatal disease [ 5 ] . Second, the differential effects in negative and positive framed message are caused by dissymmetry between negative and positive information. Negative information by and large has unbalanced effects on determination compared with tantamount positive information. A negative stimulation is besides easy to be recognized. Research show that negative stimulations could be detected in a lower degree of exposure compared with the positive 1. In add-on, negative happening consequences in stronger and faster reactions. There are three accounts about asymmetrical places between positive and negative information. The first dissymmetry provinces that negative information normally has imbalanced influence to a determination compared to the similar positive information. The 2nd dissymmetry explains that negative stimulations can be easy detected on the lower degree of exposure compared to positive stimulation. Third dissymmetry is that a negative event consequences in a stronger and quicker reacti on [ 9 ] . The 3rd ground is the presence of moderator variables. Review on old researches [ 11 ] happen several moderator variables normally used and caused the differential persuasion effects of message bordering. They are the engagement of message receivers and content of the messages [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 13 ] , types of recommended behaviour ( in wellness context ) , and types of communicated results [ 9 ] . Another moderator variable which besides becomes the topic of research is the order of presentations [ 24 ] , credibleness of message beginnings [ 25 ] , single differences which include: demand for knowledge [ 26 ] , degree of message amplification [ 27 ] , message receiving system motive [ 20 ] and perceptual experience to put on the line [ 28 ] . Researches showed the presence of moderator variable streghtened the persuasive power of framed message. The findings of the researches on the effects of message framing are steadfastly supported by the effectivity of positive framing in the surveies conducted by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] , Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy [ 19 ] , Diamond and Sanyal [ 29 ] , Rothman et Al. [ 30 ] , Block and Keller [ 17 ] , and Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] . Previous surveies show that positive framing is more effectual when the communicated message contains recommended low hazard behaviorsuch as like cholesterin sensing to the topics who had low degree of engagement in Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy ‘s survey [ 19 ] or preventative behaviour [ 31 ] . It was found that the presentation of the message in positive framing may increase people ‘s inclination to give positive reappraisal of a merchandise which in bend addition the chance to take the merchandise [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . This determination is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] who province that an single tends to avoid hazard when confronting a jo b presented in positive framing. In some instances, the mixture of positive and negative messages turns out to be the most effectual manner. Meanwhile, another survey studies there are no differences between the two framing conditions. Lerman et Al. ( 1992 ) in Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] did non happen different effects among participants who read the message in negative framing and the message presented in positive framing about the importance of mammography written in the brochure. Besides, Tykocinski et Al. [ 32 ] did non happen different effects between positive and negative framing. Framing effects will be found when there is an interaction with personal concept named self disagreement. Assema [ 34 ] province that there are no bordering consequence in his survey in healthy diet context. Beyond many research in wellness context, research about message framing besides conducted in the country of energy preservation [ 35 ] . Gonzales et Al. [ 10 ] , conducted a quasi experiment technique based on the rules of societal psychological science. Hence, the findings of his survey support the effectivity of loss framed messages. Research on message framing is besides carried out on environment-friendly behaviour, including recycle, preservation, and green life style in a survey by Davis [ 36 ] . This research findings revealed that negative framing gave the most positive response and the highest purpose to take part in environment-friendly behaviour. From the abovementioned account, the author draws decision that though assorted researches on the effects of bordering have been conducted, so far, there is no conclusive consequences in which bordering signifier is most effectual [ 13 ] . Some of the surveies argue that negative framing is more effectual than positive bordering [ 12 ] , [ 31 ] , yet others mention the opposite consequences ; positive framing is more effectual than negative bordering [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . Some of the findings of the surveies indicate that the effectivity of a certain framing depends on situational and dispositional factor [ 6 ] . Based on his meta analytic, O'Keefe [ 9 ] province that loss framed entreaties are non by and large more persuasive than addition framed entreaties. For promoting disease bar behaviours, gain-framed entreaties are more persuasive than loss-framed entreaties ; for promoting disease sensing behaviours, gain- and loss-framed entreaties do non differ significantly in strength. The co mparative strength of otherwise framed entreaties seems small influenced by ( a ) whether the gain-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of desirable provinces or the turning away of unwanted provinces or ( B ) whether the loss-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of unwanted provinces or the turning away of desirable provinces. Our treatment about the wide context of message bordering surveies indicate that bordering attack can be considered as one of communicating attacks to advance societal alterations trough altering public values, attitudes and behaviour. As one of societal selling publicity scheme, as proposed by the writer, message framing could be implemented in the degree of single or community behaviour. However, it is needed extra surveies in more assorted context to analyze the proper message bordering attack and situational and dispositionalvariables to considered in each specific country, in order to acquire cognition, what sort of framed message does more persuasive in each country.How Can the Framed Message Influence Attitude Change and Behavior?The common result variable of the framed message theoretical account was persuasion, as assessed through attitude alteration, station communicating understanding, behavioural purpose and behaviour [ 9 ] . Persuasion is an attitude alteration as a cons equence of exposure to information achieved from other parties. This exposure can be in written or verbal messages sent by the beginning to the receiving system [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . Variables impacting persuasions normally operate by giving hints or statements, making prejudice in information processing, and make up one's minding the figure of amplifications done in a message [ 40 ] . Refer to Eagly and Chaiken ( 1984 ) in Seethaler and Rose [ 37 ] , there are three attacks in persuasion mechanism, i.e. : 1 ) Cognitive Response Approach, 2 ) Attributional Reasoning Approach, and 3 ) Heuristic Processing Mode. Prospect theory, from which message framing originated is one of theories that explained attributional logical thinking attack. Harmonizing to this attack, message receiver seek to explicate the message s/he receives through causal reading related with societal norms or environmental status. So, it is clear that message framing is one of persuasion beginnings. Persuasion which happened in a framed message presentation is one of persuasion beginnings caused by the message features. Harmonizing to Olson and Zanna, there are several issues which encourage persuasion to take topographic point: beginning of the message, features of the message and features of the message receivers [ 38 ] . The effects of message framing may go on to all degrees of message receiver. It can be applied in the degree of interpersonal, intrapersonal, groups, organisations, inter organisations, and society [ 6 ] . Although there are more research conducted on the consequence of framing in single degree [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 15 ] dan [ 23 ] . However, there are besides some researches on the effects of bordering in the group degree [ 41 ] . The information processing when person receives a framed message can be closely related to psychological procedure used in proving the information, doing determinations, and pulling decisions about the surrounding. There are several account how people treating a framed information. Refer to Hallahan [ 6 ] , bordering operates by making prejudice in person ‘s cognitive procedure of information through at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is giving contextual intimations that direct the receivers in doing determinations and pulling decisions of a message. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] argue that negative or positive framing in a determination works as cognitive heuristic or regulation of pollex which directs the determinations to uncertain or hazardous state of affairs. The negative reaction to losingss or hazards is consistent with the findings which province that negative information is considered more earnestly than positive information and given more attending. This is b esides consistent to the motivational theory which states that person of course acts to make self-defense. This statement can explicate, why some research findings [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] uncover the advantage of negative framed messages than positive 1s. The 2nd mechanism is through priming. It is a procedure where a human being organizes the gained cognition in the memory through cognitive construction or strategy which acts as barrier in constructing and construing a state of affairs and event. How a framed messages influence people ‘s determination besides can be explained based on the information processing phases. The procedure by which framed messages influence opinion and behaviour could be explained at least in three of import phases. First, the sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue. Second, people differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs. Third, the influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour [ 31 ] . Harmonizing to Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] , in order to react to framed message, people have to comprehend the message foremost. But, to simply comprehend the message is non sufficient to actuate behavior alteration. Framed message can act upon the behaviour merely if it integrated into a individual ‘s cognitive representation of the issue. Given that behavioural determinations are thought to reflect the consideration of relevant beliefs, a individual ‘s perceptual experience of an issue needs to reflect the peculiar place advocated by the framed entreaty. The construct of Elaboration Likelihood Model [ 40 ] besides can be used to explicate how people respond to a framed message. Petty and Cacioppo [ 40 ] explain, there are two alternate manners in which persuasive entreaty are processed: 1 ) Systematically ( attending to the peculiar inside informations of the message ) , and 2 ) Heuristically ( attending to come up characteristics of the message ) . The mode in which a framed message is processed significantly affects its ultimate influence. The cognitive assimilation of the frame provided by a peculiar entreaty is likely contingent on the systematic processing of that entreaty [ 31 ] . Some old researches in diverse set of contextual variables showed that comparative strength of addition and loss framed was limited to those participants who processed the message consistently [ 19 ] , [ 30 ] . Systematic processing of a framed message is a necessary stipulation to detect the predicted advantage of addition bordering particularly in w ellness behaviour context ( addition framed message in bar behaviour and loss framed for sensing behaviour ) . How do people accept the framed message? Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that even though people may be motivated to treat a framed entreaty consistently, they may non be receptive to the frame advocated by the message. There are two factors were sing in discoursing the willingness to accept the peculiar frame provided by an entreaty. The first factor is an on-going temper that may determine one ‘s receptiveness to a framed message. One ‘s temper may act upon whether a state of affairs is perceived in footings of losingss or additions as feelings can function as information about one ‘s current state of affairs. Sad tempers may corroborate that possible losingss are possible, whereas happy tempers may underline the saliency of possible additions. However, temper had no consequence on perceptual experiences of possible additions. Peoples who felt happy perceived greater cost to a possible loss compared with participants in a impersonal temper. The influence of te mper on perceptual experiences of likeliness mediates the comparative strength of gain- and loss-framed statements ( Wegener et al. ( 1994 ) in [ 31 ] ) . Participants were more persuaded by gain-framed statements when in a happy temper, but loss-framed statements were more persuasive when they were in a sad temper. The 2nd factors that are impacting willingnes to accept framed message are anterior cognition and experience that may curtail one ‘s willingness to follow a peculiar frame [ 31 ] . Using wellness information context, Rothman and Salovey say that the information presented is understood within the context of an person ‘s experiences and cognition. When the issue is either new or unfamiliar, people have few preconceived impressions about the issue, which should ease the acceptance of the frame emphasized in a recommendation. To the extent that the position provided by the framed entreaty is consistent with one ‘s initial apprehension, one should hold small trouble following the suggested frame. However, when the frame does non fit one ‘s experiences, the unexpected position should arouse systematic processing of the message, but this does non needfully connote that the advocated frame will be adopted. If the initial position is strong plenty, it is possible that people might reframe a message that did non fit their dominant position. Unfortunately, the grade to which people efficaciously reframe messages and their subsequent impact on determination devising has non been tested through empirical observation. Although the abovementioned phenomena are used to explicate the wellness behaviour context, the writer argue that this besides can be used to explicate the information acceptance in broad scope context of societal alteration messages. So far, we have discussed the importance of message bordering use in persuade people to execute recomended behaviour and how they will treat and have the framed information. However, the most of import end of any framed message is to advance a peculiar behaviour. Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] told that, even when a framed has been processed and assimilated, its peculiar impact on behaviour is contingent on perceptual experience of the behaviour itself. They suggest that beliefs refering both the effectivity of a behaviour ( response efficaciousness ) and one ‘s ability to execute that behaviour successfully ( self efficaciousness ) predict the likeliness of the behaviour being carried out. Based on Protection Motivation Theory they suggest that efficaciousness beliefs may be peculiarly of import when people act in response to a loss framed entreaty. It has been observed in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] survey that revealed adult females who received a loss framed pamplet recommend ing BSE later held the strongest ego efficaciousness beliefs and that to keep strong efficaciousness beliefs partly mediated the influence of the loss frame on behaviour. Based on my reappraisal on old surveies [ 11 ] , it is non all of them utilizing behavior as dependent step. The trouble of longitudinal survey to mensurate the existent behaviour may be the reply of this issue. Studies who involved behavior as the dependent step can be find in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] by comparing immediate step and subsequently step as the placeholder of behaviour and Detweiler et Al. [ 43 ] utilizing sunscreen with SPF order. Most of old research limited their dependen step on behavior purpose or behaviour inclination and this bound the significance of their research findings [ 44 ] . Decision From above treatment, several decision could be drawn. The being of several societal jobs require us to acquire involved in making the expected status in our society by implementing societal selling knowlegde. Social selling attempt to act upon other ‘s behavior including [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. One of communicating attacks that we could utilize to accomplish these purposes is message bordering. It could be implemented in assorted different context of societal job to carry people to execute recomended behaviour. Harmonizing to the taxonomy of bordering effects, message framing can be categorized into end framing, as the presentation of negative framed or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. It can be presented in two alternate signifiers, the first is the signifier in which the result is described in the expected or unexpected results and the 2nd is the signifier in which the result are presented as something achieved or avoided. Assorted surveies in message framing context showed us that there are differential effects of message bordering persuasive power. However it is non easy to make up one's mind which one of the framing message signifiers that most persuasive. It is true that there is a inclination of negative framed advantages than positive one, based on asymetri of negative framed comparison to positive one. But we besides acknowledge the consequence of chairing variable in each specific context. Given the chief inquiry for faculty members is, how we can better the effectivity of a message to the populace in order to increase conformity with the recommended action, the writer conclude that utilizing framed message is an alternate manner to accomplish this end. Furthermore, what type of framing should be used will depend on the context in which the message was conveyed. The extent to which the effectivity of the usage of message framing will besides depends on chairing variable involved. The interaction between framed message with the moderating variables involved is expected will increase the effectivity of the framed message in assortment different contexts. Future researches in more diverse research contexts are still needed to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and specific moderator variables have to be considered.

Personal Ethics Essay

â€Å"Sound personal ethics are typically those that positively impact the experience of others when used to govern an individual’s social or business related behavior, and at the very least, such ethics should not have a negative impact on others† (BusinessDictionary, 2014). In this paper I will discuss how my personal ethical system and ground rules were developed. What my influences were in shaping my values and the principles I live by. I will also discuss how the importance of ethics in business. EARLY ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT To understand how my ethics developed I think it would be best if I provided a quick background of my childhood. My parents were divorce by the time I was two. My mom moved to Montana while my dad, brother, and I stayed in Colorado. My mom remarried when I was five to a great man. My dad moved us to Tennessee around when I was seven. My father began dating a woman with two children shortly after and a year or two later they married.   A couple years after my father remarried, the atmosphere in my home was very stressful. My step mom was very southern, with a strict upbringing. Her philosophy was â€Å"This was how I was raised, so this is how I am going to raise you.† There was no thought put into her actions, they were only reactions. Although I get along with her fine now she still has to justify her behavior from the past. At the age of eight I was doing my own laundry, cooking meals for the entire family twice a week, and extreme cleaning every weekend; not much time to be a kid. On my 12th birthday I was grounded for not dusting behind a picture in the corner of my desk. I have many stories like this, but the greatest thing about these experiences is that I learned from them. These memories are what motivated me to be different when it comes to parenting and how I treat people. My step father was the opposite.  He was the strong, silent type. When he spoke every one listened. He and my mom had a very large impact on my life. They owned a restaurant/bar and a log home building company for over 25 years, in Montana. In the summers I would work for them. They taught me strong work ethic and what it meant to earn a dollar. During my teen years I was not sure who I was and desperately trying to figure it out. At the time, I thought I had it all figured out, but looking back I was clueless. I used derogatory remarks towards different ethnic groups not realizing how wrong it was and I was very homophobic. I knew it was wrong and no one else in my family acted lik e that. This type of behavior is still very common in the south, but I was determined to change my life. REVISED ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT Because I joined the Navy straight out of high school, I was given the opportunity to learn the true meaning of diversity and how important it is to our society. The stereotypes I was surrounded by growing up were cruel, unfair, and untrue. My time in the Navy taught me that everyone is different and that everyone’s culture is what makes them who they are. I love learning about different cultures and what makes each person diverse. Another event that shaped my principles and values is when my step father passed in 2006. This changed mine and my family’s life forever. It motivated me to love and be the best person I can be. At the time I was in a bad marriage and had to make the decision that my happiness and my children’s future depended on our surroundings. I do not have time for resentment, anger, hatred, and negative behavior. We only live this life once and I want my legacy to live on after I’m gone. I had to make the toughest decision of my life and t his was the beginning of the new me. PRINCIPLES AND VALUES My ethical system comes from every experience and interaction I have ever had. Whether I remember them all, it still branded an emotion at the time and I learned from it. My ethical system is filled with the idea to always have respect, strength, integrity, honor, courage, and will power to do what is right even if it is the harder decision. Respect is a very strong fiber of my being. My childhood made me realize that treating people the way you would like to be treated is not just something we heard in school, it should be lived by. Everyone starts off with the same level of respect from me. It does not matter one’s title, sex, race, religion, or sexual preference. If you are a living, breathing, human being I will treat you as I would like to be treated. Everyone starts off  with 100% respect and then how much respect I give you in the future depends on your actions. ETHICS IN THE WORKPLACE My upbringing and personal experiences are what shaped my character of who I am today. I cannot compare the inequality I faced to others, but it was enough for me to realize that fair treatment and respect is very important to who I am and my character. When I see others being mistreated I have a deep seated urge to stand beside them and show them they are not alone. It does not matter to me if I am the only one that feels this way; I will stand up for what I believe in. I was the only straight male that joined the Pride Affinity Group where I work. This group was started at the beginning of the equal rights movement for the LGBT community a couple years ago. I was accused of being gay and I was asked why I was part of the group if I was not gay. This only motivated me more to show others that equal rights are not a privilege. I gave 9 years of my life to defending this country’s freedoms. I did not fight for one group’s freedoms, but all, foreign and domestic. Although I am no longer in the military I still live by this code of ethics and moral standard; in my personal and professional life. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS Businesses were around before ethics and will continue to be around, but it is how we choose to evolve as human beings. Society could have remained racist and sexist. This was not what was best for business or society though. We as people and businesses need to evolve, to grow, and to learn to be better. Ethical standards in the workplace ensures all feel comfortable coming to work and can do their job without feeling threatened. This provides businesses the opportunity to get the best out of all employees with a safe work environment. CONCLUSION I think it is safe to say I am the opposite of everything I disliked about my childhood. My personal values are who I am regardless of whether I am in a personal or professional setting. My decisions are based on what I have learned through life experiences and how I perceive the most appropriate way to handle each situation. References Business Dictionary (2014). Personal Ethics. Retrieved from: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/personal-ethics.html

Free sample - Ethical Standards. translation missing

Ethical Standards. Ethical StandardsMoral and ethical aspects of human life are very important for the personal development and statement. These life values determine attitude towards people, God and family. They are not regulated by law or other governmental documents, and there is no determined punishment for their violation, but still breaking ethical rules means breaking own personality and acting against oneself. 1. Ethical standard in majority of cases is taken from the parents’ family, social life, religion and historical period. Also, some people think that social groups, mentality and corporate culture, make impact on ethical standards formation. In other words, it is possible to consider the social environment as a major factor, which influences the ethical and moral standards of the personality. 2. According to the respondents’ point of view, those standards of personal ethics, which were grounded by parents in the childhood, are completely impossible to change because personality makes all important life decisions and actions, according to these standards. In some cases, it is possible to make some impact for the personal ethics while changing environment and religious- person would have to adapt to the new life conditions and to the people, surrounding him or her with their life principles. 3. In most cases ethical standards consider God as the main judge of all our actions. The God is also represented for many people as the personal example on how people should live and act. Family values are the core principle of ethics and people think that it is impossible to be fair with him/herself without being fair in own family. Parents, kids and beloved are the sense of life. Belief in afterlife time – one more important issue in following all ethical norms and standards. Respondents consider the afterlife time as the remuneration for the fair and faithful life, for acting, according to the ethical norms. References: Auditing Practices Board (2010) Ethical Standards. [Online] (Updated 17 July 2010) World Health Organisation (2010) Ethical standards and procedures for research with human beings

ACT Admission Ticket What It Is, How to Print, and What to Do If You Lose It

ACT Admission Ticket What It Is, How to Print, and What to Do If You Lose It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning on taking the ACT, you may know that you’ll need an admission ticket (and photo ID) to get into the testing center. Because ACT, Inc. makes such a big deal about these tickets, figuring out how to get it just right can be one of the most stressful parts of registering for the test. But don’t worry- the process isn’t as complicated as it seems. This guide will walk you through exactly what the ACT admission ticket is, how to get one, and what to do if you lose yours(it’s not as bad you think!). What Is the ACT Admission Ticket? The admission ticket serves as proof that you are registered to take the ACT on a given day. The proctors won’t let you into the testing center without it.Your ACT ticketalso has helpful information about your testing center (for you) and any accommodations you might need (for your proctor). I've included a sample ticket below so you can see what it looks like. I've numbered the different sections of the ACT admissionticket, so that we can go through them one at a time. Photo: Your picture! More info on how to pick and upload one below. Test Info: This section indicates when and where you're testing and which version of the test you're taking. Matching Information: The information that ACT, Inc. will use to match you to your test. Be sure to enter it on your answer sheet exactly as it appears on the ticket. PersonalInfo: Your name and address. Test Center Messages: Information about what to do when you get to the testing center: where to park, how to find your room, etc. At the bottom of the page there is additional information, including your testing number and any accommodations you need. Why Do You Need an Admission Ticket? The ACT admission ticket shows that you are the person actually signed up to take the test- hence why it has a picture. The ticket is a relatively new requirement and is designed to make it harder for people to cheat by having someone else take the test in their place. Remember that you must bring it with you to the testing center or you won’t be allowed to take the ACT. How Do You Get an ACT Admission Ticket? The first step to getting an ACT admission ticket is registering for the test. If you haven’t already done so, youmight want to take a look at our step-by-step instructions, with images, forthe registration process. I would recommend registering online, but most of the following info applies even if you registered by mail, although, in that case, you should receive an admission ticket in the mail. During the registration process there are two main steps you need to complete to get your ACT admission ticket- I'll got through how to complete both of them. How to Upload a Photo Towards the end of the registration process, you’ll be asked to upload a photo. There are a lot of restrictions on what kind of photo you can use, and they can feel somewhat overwhelming. Here are ACT, Inc.’s guidelines: Your photo must be a clear image of ONLY you (not blurry, grainy or fuzzy) against a plain, background. The photo must be a full face-and-shoulders shot, squarely facing the camera. You must use a portrait, not landscape, photo that is correctly oriented. You must be facing the camera. You cannot wear dark glasses. If you wear a head covering daily for religious reasons, adjust it to provide a full-face view. I know that’s a lot, but don’t panic. Let’s break it down into a few key points: The photo should show your entire head and your shoulders- that’s all. You must be easily recognizable- the photo can’t be blurry or dark and you shouldn’t have anything obscuring your face. The photo should have a plain background. If you have a digital version of your school photo, just use that! Another good option is using a webcam to just snap a photo with your computer- as long as you do this in a well lit place, the photo quality will be fine. Otherwise, get a friend or family member to help you take a headshot with a phone or digital camera. Remember that the photo doesn’t need to be awesome, just recognizable- no one but your proctor and your school will see it. If you registered by mail, you will still need to either upload a photo or submit a hard copy. How to Print Your ACT Admission Ticket After completing the registration process and uploading a photo, you'll be asked if you want to print youradmission ticket or wait until later. Either is fine- you can access the ticketanytime through your ACT account. Only have a black and white printer? Don't worry about it. Your ACT ticket printout can be in either color or black and white, as long as the information is clearly visible. But What Should You Do If... ...You Lose Your Ticket? Don’t panic! This problem is easily solved: you can easily reprint your ACT admission ticket.Just go to the ACT website, sign in to your account, and print your ticket! You can use this methodeven if you registered by mail, but if for some reason you can’t print your ticket call ACT, Inc. at 319-337-1270.Keep in mind that calling at the very last minute won't do youmuchgood- if they need to send you a new ticket by mail it will probably take at least a week. ...You Realize that the Information on the Ticket Is Incorrect? Again, this problem is easily fixed. If you realize that your name is misspelled or your address is missing a number, just log into your account and click on "Make changes to your registration." Remember to reprint the ticket once you’ve made your changes, so it’s up-to-date. ...You Get to the Test Center and Don't Have Your Admission Ticket? You cannot take the test without your ticket, so you want to avoid this situation at all costs. The night before the test, gather everything you need for the test together and put it in one easily accessible place. If you’re prone to losing things (or just very paranoid), you can try: making a backup copy and putting it in the car. taping the ticket and your ID to your calculator. If you do end up at the test center with no ticket, you can try having a friend or family member who lives nearby print it out and bring it to you. But the proctors won’t wait, so again, do everything you can to make sure you have it. Key Facts to Remember About the ACT Admission Ticket Let's review some of important points you'll need to keep in mind about the ACT ticket: You must have your admission ticket to get into the test center. Print it out at least the night before, and make multiple copies if you often lose things. Your picture must be recognizable as you and it must have a plain background. You can reprint your ACT admission ticket at any time. Just log into your online ACT account. More Recommended Reading If you're feeling confusedabout the registration process, take a look atourstep-by-step walkthrough of how to sign up for the testand our guides to the best test date for you, the total cost of the ACT, how to cancel your registration, and how to decide whether to sendthe four free score reports. If, however, you're taking the test very soon, check outthese helpfultest day tips that can raise your ACT score even without time to practice. Finally, if you have a bit more time,you might want to read throughsome of our ACTprep materials. We have great guides for all foursections, including general strategies, study tips, and in depth skill reviews(there are links to each section on the right). Try starting with our guide to the 5 tips that you must use, which will get you thinking about the test in the right way. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Analysis Managing Dynamic New Melbourne Team

One of the essential activities of manager is forming a team to execute the task and managing the team effectively to achieve the goal and objective of the company. Effective team management is directly related with cohesive leadership, effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members (Meredith, 2011). The major barrier in team management is the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results. In the context of Dynamic, the team management of the new team at Melbourne is examined by task interdependence, importance of team cohesion and recommendation to manage the issue by Jeff at company. Task interdependence can be defined as a functional approach that explains the sharing of information, material and expertise between team members working to achieve the common goal of the team (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). In the process of defining the task interdependence in some cases there is accelerated chance of conflicts between team members and it impacts the team cohesion. Team cohesion is the common bond between members of team and their joint effort to contribute to success of the team.   Thus team cohesion results in better cooperation and effective performance by achieving set goal. Lack of cohesion is harmful for the health of the team and impact the performance negatively by enhancing stress and non cooperation on the part of team members (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). Thus in the long run cohesion in the workplace signifies success of team while lack of cohesion signifies failure of the team thereby impacting the performance and goal of the company. In the context of Dynamic the digital strategy director Jeff formed a team of eight members to execute the Burnfit account. The team is mix of members from Dynamic and MediaHype, the new acquisition of the former in Melbourne to expand the business in Australia (Dyer, 2007). As the project was crucial, team members were assigned roles and responsibility and three deliverables identified to be achieved by month end. The reporting structure of the team members was also clarified as they were directly reporting to the director to avoid waste of time by creating additional line of reporting (Dyer, 2007). Thus every step taken to make the team perform such as effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members. But the problem was team cohesion among the members of the team. The problem associated with the lack of team cohesion within the Dynamic is outlined below As the team was formed by combining the staff from two different company namely Dynamic and MediaHype, there is difference in the culture and work approach resulting in lack of trust on each other and fear of conflict. Thus in first weak every member expressed positive feedback as part of formality (Mackin, 2007). Even Jeff found flow of mails between team members indicating the team is working towards goal as is evident from the case study. The first team meeting also exhibited the same with no team members raising any issue and problem. From the cash study analysis it was evident that the team from MediaHype and Dynamic did not coordinate and support each other effectively. In the second week meeting Anjana Singh –the web editor and content strategist complained that she did not get the feedback regarding the progress of new website from the Yuchou and Wen – the senior digital strategy consultant (Mackin, 2007). Similarly Mike –the social media manager also complained about Yuchou and Wen and stated that they were not serious about the project and informed to proceed as he feels without contributing their opinion. Similarly from the case study analysis it was evident that the Dynamic team Sydney and Dynamic team Singapore also exhibited lack of cohesion In the third week Yuchou and Wen complained that team of Sydney Franz and Amanda – Junior digital strategy consultant were not fit for the job and need to be replaced (Simsek et al., 2005). They also stated both of them lacked the confidence for executing the task and disturb them by asking questions all the time. Thus it is evident from the case study analysis that there is no bonding between the team members and it resulted in lack of communication and cooperation and it is root cause of the problems associated with the lack of team cohesion within the company (Simsek et al., 2005). Organizational behaviour (OB) is part of human resource management and it deal with the behaviour of people at workplace with regard to their act, feeling and thought process. It explains the leadership style and motivation to address problem and solve team conflict to improve cooperation thereby promoting team effectiveness (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). OB has many theories to handle the problem of team in the workplace and they can be classified into five major theories. They are explained below This theory of OB identifies the personality of individuals such as dispositional trait and behavioural dynamics to improve the team work in the workplace (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). This theory of OB identifies the inner urge of indiviaul and uses them to improve team work in the workplace. The theory of motivation has number of sub theory such as common sense theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, fundamental attribution theory, Herzberg’s two factor theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory (Burke et al., 2006). Based on the team requirement, the manager can select the appropriate theory to motivate members of team. This theory of OB identifies the Gestalt principles that shape the perceived though of an individual. It helps to address such as lack of trust, and fear of conflict in team members (Burke et al., 2006). This theory of OB identifies aims to adjust the attitude and behaviour of individual to develop common bond (Edwards, 2009). It uses organisational behaviour modification, single and double loop learning, reinforcement theory and social cognitive theory. In the context of Dynamic where the eight members team belong to three different category namely Dynamic Singapore, Dynamic Sydney and MediaHype leading to diverse attitude and behaviour owing to the earlier workplace practice (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). Thus using OB theory to analyse Dynamic’s problems it was identified that the attitude and behaviour of team members of three different work culture was the main issue responsible for lack of team cohesion (Rollinson,   2008). It is is resulting from the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). It resulted in no cooperation and coordination between team members impacting task and performance as evident from the case analysis of problem outlined above. To formulate solution to Dynamic’s problems, the Theories of attitudes and behaviour is helpful. In specific organisational behaviour modification theory can be used to change the attitude and behaviour of eight individuals and cultivate a common bond and shared goal towards the Burnfit account so that they coordinate and cooperate with each other by communicating effectively and providing feedback on time to make progress in the work and achieve the target set for the job (Mullins, 2007). The manager can also use the Theories of motivation to be more specific common sense theory that not supporting each other is failure of the team and it affects every individual in the team Thus it can be concluded form the above discussion problem associated with lack of team cohesion within the new team of Dynamic is outlined. It is mainly related with different work culture practiced by eight team members from three different group and lack of trust and fear of conflict that resulted in poor team cohesion (De   and Den ,2008). Based on the OB theory, the problem identified is attitude and behavioural aspect of team members and the solution suggested is using the organisational behaviour modification theory, their attitude and behaviour changed to develop common bond and shared goals related with Burnfit account. Bowditch, J.L., Buono, A.F. and Stewart, M.M., 2007. A primer on organizational behavior. Wiley. Burke, C.S., Stagl, K.C., Salas, E., Pierce, L. and Kendall, D., 2006. Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), p.1189. Cannella, A.A., Park, J.H. and Lee, H.U., 2008. Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), pp.768-784. De Hoogh, A.H. and Den Hartog, D.N., 2008. Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), pp.297-311. Dyer, W.G., 2007. Team building. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Edwards, M.R., 2009. An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory. Personnel review, 39(1), pp.5-23. Mackin, D., 2007. The team building tool kit: tips and tactics for effective workplace teams. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Meredith Belbin, R., 2011. Management teams: Why they succeed or fail. Human Resource Management International Digest, 19(3). Mullins, L.J., 2007. Management and organisational behaviour. Pearson education. Rollinson, D., 2008. Organisational behaviour and analysis: an integrated approach. Pearson Education. Simsek, Z., Veiga, J.F., Lubatkin, M.H. and Dino, R.N., 2005. Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), pp.69-84. Wright, P.M. and Nishii, L.H., 2007. Strategic HRM and organizational behavior: Integrating multiple levels of analysis. CAHRS Working Paper Series, p.468.

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Epistemologhy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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